Implications of insecticide resistance for the control of. Insecticide resistance and malathion carboxylesterase in the. Organophosphorus resistance in the sheep blowfly, lucilia. They have, perhaps, been too successful leading some.
Oct 29, 1998 a cluster of at least three esterase genes in lucilia cuprina includes malathion carboxylesterase and two other esterases implicated in resistance to organophosphates. Roxburghthe sequential development of insecticide resistance problems in lucilia cuprina wied. The resistance status to diazinon based organophosphorus insecticides has been exam ined in the sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina, a recent arrival to new zealand. A treated surface bioassay was used to detect insecticide resistance to five organophosphorus insecticides diazinon, chlorfevinphos, chlorpyrifos, dichlofenthion and propetamphos, the synthetic pyrethroid, deltamethrin, and the insect growth regulator, diflubenzuron, in larvae of field strains of lucilia cuprina, and diazinon in lucilia sericata from 1990 to 1997. Lucilia cuprina is a species of blow fly characterized by a metallic outer appearance and reddish eyes. Sales, cross resistance spectra and effects of synergists in insecticide resistant strains of lucilia cuprina diptera. It is concluded that resistance to one structural type of organophosphate does not necessarily. The australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina, has evolved resistance to two major classes of insecticide. Resistance to the organophosphorus insecticide malathion in genetically related strains of the australian sheep blowfly lucilia cuprina was examined. A cluster of at least three esterase genes in lucilia cuprina includes malathion carboxylesterase and two other esterases implicated in resistance to organophosphates. While the development of resistance to malathion can be easily explained by natural selection, resistance to diazinon is not. This study does this using diazinon resistance in the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina. At that time resistant flies were presumed to be at a selective disadvantage in the absence of diazinon.
The sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina has developed resistance to at least three classes of insecticides that have been used to treat or prevent flystrike on sheep. We report here that the single amino acid replacement associated with diazinon resistance and two. Dieldrin resistance in lucilia cuprina the australian sheep blowfly. Calliphoridae, bulletin of entomological research, 84, 03, 355, 1994. The resistance status to diazinon based organophosphorus insecticides has been examined in the sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina, a recent arrival to new zealand. Diazinon resistance, fluctuating asymmetry and fitness in the. Crossresistance patterns among lucilia cuprina diptera. Lucilia cuprina has developed resistance to at least three classes of insecticides that have been used to treat or prevent flystrike on sheep. Aspects of insecticide resistance in new zealand strains. Insecticide resistance and malathion carboxylesterase in the sheep. Previous results demonstrated that modification of the genetic background produced changes in the fitness of genotypes at the diazinon resistance locus in. Resistance, essentially controlled by allelic substitution at the rop 1 locus on chromosome n arnold and whitten.
Given this predictive capacity for known resistances, the approach was extended to anticipate possible mechanisms of resistance to cyromazine, an insecticide to which l. Clarke department of genetics, university of melbourne, parkville, australia 3052 genetic evidence suggests that the evolution of resistance to the insecticide diazinon in lucilia cuprina initially produced an increase in asymmetry. Chromosomal localisation of fitness modifiers of diazinon. They usually have a shiny green or greenishblue abdomen with bronzecoppery reflections. Insecticide resistance the development of insecticide resistance allows individual insects to survive an exposure to insecticide that would kill individuals from a normal population. Lucilia cuprina is a commonly used species in the field of forensic entomology.
Proteomic analysis of glutathione transferases from lucilia. Eventually the improved estimations of the log lc 50 values were used to determine the relative potency of insecticides against both blowfly strains. Pdf insecticide resistance and malathion carboxylesterase. Resistance, essentially controlled by allelic substitution at the rop 1 locus. Monitoring and selection of resistance to pyrethroids in the. Analysis of the laboratorygenerated resistant variants provides an explanation for this observation. Overcoming insecticide resistance through computational. There are only a limited number of insecticides registered against flystrike so increasing insecticide resistance will have a significant impact on the industry. Resistance and the control of sheep ectoparasites sciencedirect. This species has been found in samples of larvae from flystruck stock since 1984 in new zealand bishop 1993 and is fast becoming a common pest species, occurring in up to 70% of strikes. Abstract resistance to diflubenzuron in the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina, has rendered this insecticide incapable of preventing. Diazinon, an organophosphorus insecticide, was in troduced in 1958 to manage l. The influence of random genetic drift and selection on the genetic response during the evolution of insecticide resistance is discussed.
Oct 15, 2019 the sheep blowfly lucilia cuprina has become a model system for the study of insecticide resistance. However, resistance to insecticides is a widespread and urgent problem, which leads to increased insecticide usage with dire consequences to the environment. Amplification of dna from preserved specimens shows blowflies. All lines tested showed no difference in propetamphos tolerance, regardless of their resistance to diazinon, malathion or both. Jun 06, 2006 mutations of esterase 3 confer two forms of organophosphate resistance on contemporary australasian lucilia cuprina. Insecticide resistance in sheep blowfly larvae flyboss. Insecticide resistance and malathion carboxylesterase in the sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina. Wool producers affected by this situation must find suitable alternatives to protect their flocks.
A lucilia cuprina strain showing susceptibility to a broad range of ops and carbamates but resistance to malathion rm has been described previously raftos and hughes, 1986 and was kindly. Egg implant studies on sheep demonstrate that the relative fitness of resistance genotypes of the sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina, changes over time for the 2 insecticides dieldrin and diazinon. Pesticides and insecticides are crucial for agricultural productivity, global food security, and control of disease vectors. Insecticide resistance and malathion carboxylesterase in the sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina article pdf available in biochemical genetics 321.
Csiro publishing australian journal of biological sciences. A normal distribution of lc 5 values was found using deltamethrin, the test pyrethroid, with no indication of specific resistance. Insecticide resistance in sheep blowfly larvae the development of resistance allows individual insects to survive an exposure to insecticide that would kill individuals from a normal population. Insecticide resistance, lucilia cuprina, bovicola ovis introduction control of sheep ectoparasites is currently an integration of sheep husbandry, farm management and insecticide use. Lucilia cuprina lines, previously characterised by their resistance to diazinon and malathion, were tested for their resistance to another organophosphate, propetamphos. Selection for insecticide resistance in the australian.
Diazinon resistance, fluctuating asymmetry and fitness in the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina. The genomics of insecticide resistance genome biology. While the development of resistance to malathion can be easily explained by natural selection, resistance to diazinon is. The results suggest that selection may occur following exposure of larvae to sublethal concentrations and help to explain the relative rates of the development of resistance to dieldrin and. Analyses of this genome and the 14,544 predicted proteinencoding genes provide unique insights into the. Subsequent evolution in natural populations selected modifiers to ameliorate these effects.
The information known about the species designates l. Mutations of esterase 3 confer two forms of organophosphate resistance on contemporary australasian lucilia cuprina. Insecticide resistance and malathion carboxylesterase in. Specific resistance to the organophosphorus insecticide malathion in the rm strain of the australian sheep blow fly, lucilta cuprina wiedemann, is controlled by an incompletely dominant gene on chromosome 4.
Previous results demonstrated that modification of the genetic background produced changes in the fitness of genotypes at the diazinon resistance locus in lucilia cuprina mckenzie et al. Field and laboratory populations of the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina wiedemann calliphoridae, were surveyed by bioassay for possible resistance to the synthetic pyrethroids, a group of insecticides under development for blowfly control. The sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina has developed resistance to at least three classes of insecticides. Ecological and population genetics of insecticide resistance in the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina. Selection for insecticide resistance in the australian sheep. Abstract resistance to diflubenzuron in the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina, has rendered this insecticide incapable of preventing flystrike in sheep from a few districts in eastern australia. The effect of genetic background on the fitness of diazinon resistance genotypes of the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina. A method for the detection and measurement of insecticide resistance in larvae of lucilia cuprina wied. The major gene for resistance to diazinon and other organophosphorus. The improved mules operation, midseason crutching and insecticides are important in the management of merino sheep. A common resistance mechanism against 2 of the most widely used insecticide classes, organophosphates and. The development of insecticide resistance in insect populations has been studied in considerable detail. Monitoring and selection of resistance to pyrethroids in. We report here the construction of an embryonic and 2 larval cdna libraries for l.
Genetic basis of resistance to diazinon in victorian populations of the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina. Ongoing research is constantly finding more effective ways to put the species to use. The results suggest that selection may occur following exposure of larvae to sublethal concentrations and help to explain the relative rates of the development of resistance to dieldrin and diazinon byl. Calliphoridae is a destructive pest of the sheep, a model organism for insecticide resistance research, and a valuable tool for medical and forensic professionals. The sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina is a major economic problem for the sheep meat and wool industries in australasia and hence this thesis has attempted the study of the lucilia cuprina gst family, using proteomics, with a view to eventually determining their role in insecticide resistance. A method for the detection and measurement of insecticide. Resistance to the organophosphorus insecticide malathion in genetically related strains of the australian sheep blowflylucilia curprina was examined. Similarly, use of acaricides has led to resistance in onehost boophilus ticks to all currentlyused organophosphatecarbamates, synthetic pyrethroids and amidines.
These insights have broad implications for designing new methods for the prevention and control of myiasis. Isofemale lines were generated from four sites to examine. Genomic technologies are revealing several mechanisms of insecticide resistance involving enhanced detoxification or reduced targetsite sensitivity that had previously defied molecular analyses. Request pdf aspects of insecticide resistance in new zealand strains of the sheep blowflies, lucilia cuprina and lucilia sericata a treated surface bioassay was used to detect insecticide. Insecticide resistance and resistance mechanisms in bed. Pdf multiple mutations and gene duplications conferring. The australian sheep blowfly lucilia cuprina wiedemann diptera. However, pretreatment with s,s,stributylphosphorothrithioate tbpt reduced the resistance factors of q to three organophosphorus insecticides. In the light of the variousfindings, it has beenpossible to mrake some progress towards the development ofnew insecticides that are more toxic to the present resistant strains than to normalones. One form, called diazinon resistance, is slightly more effective against commonly used insecticides and is now more prevalent than the other form, called malathion resistance. Two different amino acid substitutions in the aliesterase, e3, confer alternative types of organophosphorus insecticide resistance in the sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina. An analysis of gene and genotype frequencies of rdl locus, which determines resistance to dieldrin, provides support for the existence of strong selection operating during larval development on sheep whose. In addition, a number of new types of resistance have occurred in already resistant species.
The sheep blowfly lucilia cuprina has become a model system for the study of insecticide resistance. Lucilia cuprina genome unlocks parasitic fly biology to. Proteomic analysis of glutathione transferases from. Resistance to the organophosphorus insecticide malathion in genetically. The phenomenon of insecticide resistance is proving an informative model for studying. The sibling species lucilia cuprina and lucilia sericata have become primary. The relevance of changes in the fitness sets of insecticide resistance genotypes. Both the rm and the derived resistant derr strains are approximately 100 times more resistant to malathion than the related. Results of laboratory bioassays against one population demonstrated that, despite extremely. We report here that the single amino acid replacement associated with diazinon. Insecticide resistance and malathion carboxylesterase in the sheep blowfly,lucilia cuprina.
Insecticides have served the wool industry well and their cost effectiveness has never been questioned. A laboratory manual cold spring harbor laboratory press, cold spring harbor, ny. The sequential development of insecticide resistance problems. The sequential development of insecticide resistance problems in lucilia cuprina wied.
Activity of extracts and compounds from new zealand. Aspects of insecticide resistance in new zealand strains of. Polygenic and single gene responses to selection for. Genetic basis of a specific resistance to malathion in the. Strains of lucilia cuprina wiedemann have been characterized as having low, internlcdiate, or high levels of esterasemediated hydrolysis of the organophosphorus insecticide, chlorfenvinphos. Insecticide resistance status of lucilia cuprina in new zealand using. Organophosphorus resistance in the sheep blowfly,lucilia cuprina.
Multiple mutations and gene duplications conferring organophosphorus insecticide resistance have been selected at the rop1 locus of the sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina. The sequential development of insecticide resistance. Australia, only the sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina. Initial studies of fieldselected strains revealed the influence of. The biochemical basis of resistance to organophosphorus. Separate lines of blowflies were established by homozygosis of the fourth chromosome of the parental rm strain. Pesticides are a costeffective means of flystrike prevention, but insecticide resistance, environ.
Field studies on insecticide resistance in the australian sheep. We investigated the hypothesis that observed higher levels of asymmetry displayed by insecticideresistance genotypes of lucilia cuprina are restricted to bristle characters, due to the action of resistance genes in bristle cell development, rather than through the disruption of genomic coadaptation. We compared the level of asymmetry of three bristle characters and three wing. Diazinon resistance, fluctuating asymmetry and fitness in. Insecticide resistance is defined by the insecticide resistance action committee irac as a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species. Because of this, lucilia species are known as the bronze bottle flies. Pmc free article mckenzie ja, dearn jm, whitten mj. These levels correlate respectively with susceptibility to organophosphorus insecticides, malathion resistance, or diazinon resistance. Insecticide resistance status of lucilia cuprina in new. Genetic evidence suggests that the evolution of resistance to the insecticide diazinon in lucilia cuprina initially produced an increase in asymmetry. Identification, analysis, and linkage mapping of expressed. Genome projects are also revealing some potentially farreaching consequences for pestinsect genomes of the rapid accumulation of multiple resistance mutations in very short periods of.
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